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\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

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\u6709\u7528\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u53cc\u91cd\u7ed3\u6784<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u83ab\u57fa\u5c14\u7406\u8bba\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u201c\u6709\u7528\u77e5\u8bc6\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u53c8\u88ab\u4ed6\u5de7\u5999\u5730\u533a\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u8054\u5374\u6027\u8d28\u8fe5\u5f02\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u547d\u9898\u6027\u77e5\u8bc6\uff08propositional knowledge\uff09\u548c\u6307\u4ee4\u6027\u77e5\u8bc6\uff08prescriptive knowledge\uff09\u3002\u547d\u9898\u6027\u77e5\u8bc6\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u201d\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u5373\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u73b0\u8c61\u548c\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e0e\u7406\u8bba\u7406\u89e3\uff1b\u6307\u4ee4\u6027\u77e5\u8bc6\u5219\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u5982\u4f55\u505a\u201d\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u5373\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u6280\u80fd\u3001\u5de5\u827a\u3001\u89c4\u7a0b\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u533a\u5206\u770b\u4f3c\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u5374\u8574\u542b\u7740\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u6d1e\u89c1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u6587\u5316\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u4e0e\u89c2\u5ff5\u5e02\u573a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u6709\u7528\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u53cc\u91cd\u7ed3\u6784\u662f\u83ab\u57fa\u5c14\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u9aa8\u67b6\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u201c\u6587\u5316\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u201d\uff08cultural entrepreneurs\uff09\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u5c31\u662f\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u8840\u8089\u3002\u5728\u300a\u589e\u957f\u7684\u6587\u5316\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u83ab\u57fa\u5c14\u8ba8\u8bba\u5f17\u6717\u897f\u65af\u00b7\u57f9\u6839\u548c\u827e\u8428\u514b\u00b7\u725b\u987f\u8fd9\u4e24\u4f4d\u5173\u952e\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\uff0c\u66f4\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u626e\u6f14\u4e86\u201c\u6587\u5316\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u201d\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u601d\u60f3\u3001\u8457\u4f5c\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\u521b\u65b0\uff0c\u6539\u53d8\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u548c\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u91cd\u5851\u4e86\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u5728\u6587\u5316\u4e0a\u53c8\u4fdd\u6301\u7740\u76f8\u5f53\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u3002\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b66\u672f\u901a\u7528\u8bed\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u6765\u81ea\u4e0d\u540c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u65e0\u969c\u788d\u5730\u4ea4\u6d41\uff1b\u5171\u540c\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u9057\u4ea7\u548c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u4e3a\u77e5\u8bc6\u4ea4\u6d41\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5171\u540c\u7684\u53c2\u7167\u7cfb\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6587\u5316\u7edf\u4e00\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u89c4\u6a21\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6548\u5e94\uff1a\u4e00\u9879\u65b0\u53d1\u73b0\u6216\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fc5\u901f\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u6b27\u6d32\u4f20\u64ad\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u5728\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5730\u65b9\u91cd\u65b0\u53d1\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u83ab\u57fa\u5c14\u79f0\u8fd9\u79cd\u8de8\u56fd\u754c\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u4e3a\u201c\u6587\u4eba\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u201d\uff1a\u5b83\u65e2\u6ca1\u6709\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u5730\u7406\u8fb9\u754c,\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u4f46\u901a\u8fc7\u4e66\u4fe1\u5f80\u6765\u3001\u5b66\u672f\u8457\u4f5c\u548c\u5076\u5c14\u7684\u9762\u5bf9\u9762\u4ea4\u6d41,\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u6548\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5171\u4eab\u5e73\u53f0\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u65b0\u89c2\u5ff5\u65e2\u6709\u751f\u5b58\u7a7a\u95f4\u3001\u6d41\u52a8\u8179\u5730\uff0c\u53c8\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u7cbe\u82f1\u7f51\u7edc\u8fdb\u884c\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u6e20\u9053\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fd9\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u591a\u5143\u4e0e\u6587\u5316\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u662f\u7f55\u89c1\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u65e2\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4e86\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u548c\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\uff0c\u53c8\u786e\u4fdd\u4e86\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u4f20\u64ad\u548c\u7d2f\u79ef\u3002\u76f8\u4fe1\u8fdb\u6b65\u3001\u63a2\u7a76\u4e16\u754c\u3001\u7406\u89e3\u81ea\u7136\u3001\u5171\u4eab\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u6539\u8fdb\u6280\u672f\u3001\u4f20\u64ad\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u4e13\u5229\u3001\u5b66\u672f\u3001\u51fa\u7248\u3001\u5370\u5237\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u521b\u65b0\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u77e5\u8bc6\u751f\u4ea7\u4ece\u5076\u53d1\u7684\u3001\u4e2a\u522b\u7684\u3001\u79d8\u4f20\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u3001\u534f\u4f5c\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u6781\u5927\u5730\u52a0\u901f\u4e86\u6709\u7528\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u589e\u957f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ece\u201c\u77e5\u9053\u201d\u5230\u201c\u505a\u5230\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5149\u6709\u201c\u6587\u5316\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u201d\u8fd8\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u89e6\u53d1\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u521b\u9020\u95ee\u9898\uff08What we know\uff0c\u5373scientia\uff09\uff0c\u8fd8\u5fc5\u987b\u89e3\u51b3\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u95ee\u9898\uff08How we use it\uff0c\u5373utilitas\uff09\u3002\u83ab\u57fa\u5c14\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5bf9\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u91cd\u65b0\u8be0\u91ca\u3002\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\uff0c\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u573a\u601d\u60f3\u89e3\u653e\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u7406\u6027\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5e73\u7b49\u7b49\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u83ab\u57fa\u5c14\u5bf9\u6b64\u5e76\u4e0d\u5426\u8ba4\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u66f4\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u662f\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u5bf9\u201c\u6709\u7528\u77e5\u8bc6\u201d\u6001\u5ea6\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u4ed6\u628a\u8fd9\u79cd\u8fde\u63a5\u201c\u77e5\u9053\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u505a\u5230\u201d\u7684\u6865\u6881\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5de5\u4e1a\u542f\u8499\u201d\uff08The Industrial Enlightenment\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5de5\u4e1a\u542f\u8499\u5e76\u975e\u4ec5\u4ec5\u6307\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u5b83\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u3001\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u4eba\u5de5\u5229\u7528\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u4fe1\u5ff5\u662f\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7\u5e94\u7528\u7cfb\u7edf\u5316\u3001\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u5584\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e0e\u751f\u6d3b\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u89c2\u4e0e\u57f9\u6839\u7684\u201c\u77e5\u8bc6\u5c31\u662f\u529b\u91cf\u201d\u4e00\u8109\u76f8\u627f\uff0c\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u5de5\u5320\u7684\u201c\u6280\u827a\u201d\uff08artisan skills\uff09\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u201c\u7406\u8bba\u201d\uff08formal science\uff09\u5f00\u59cb\u878d\u5408\uff0c\u5728\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u66f4\u4e3a\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fd9\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\u6027\u6210\u5c31\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u5176\u4e00\u662f\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u666e\u53ca\u4e0e\u7cfb\u7edf\u5316\uff0c\u4ee5\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66\u7684\u7f16\u7e82\u4e3a\u5178\u578b\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u72c4\u5fb7\u7f57\u548c\u8fbe\u6717\u8d1d\u5c14\u4e3b\u6301\u7684\u300a\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66\u300b\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6536\u5f55\u4e86\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u66f4\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u5730\u7ed8\u5236\u548c\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u5de5\u827a\u3001\u673a\u68b0\u3001\u5de5\u5177\u548c\u751f\u4ea7\u6d41\u7a0b\uff0c\u914d\u4ee5\u7cbe\u7f8e\u7684\u63d2\u56fe\u3002\u8fd9\u672c\u5de8\u8457\u9996\u6b21\u5c06\u624b\u5de5\u4e1a\u8005\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6027\u77e5\u8bc6\u4ece\u53e3\u4f20\u5fc3\u6388\u7684\u85e9\u7bf1\u4e2d\u89e3\u653e\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u5c06\u9690\u6027\u77e5\u8bc6\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u663e\u6027\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u6210\u4e3a\u516c\u5f00\u3001\u53ef\u590d\u5236\u3001\u53ef\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u201c\u84dd\u56fe\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u6781\u5927\u5730\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u6280\u672f\u53d1\u660e\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u6210\u672c\u548c\u5b66\u4e60\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u4e3a\u540e\u6765\u7684\u6280\u672f\u521b\u65b0\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u89c4\u8303\u5316\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5176\u4e8c\u5219\u662f\u5de5\u5320\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u63d0\u5347\u4e0e\u7cbe\u786e\u6027\u6587\u5316\u3002\u5728\u5de5\u4e1a\u542f\u8499\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5de5\u5320\u548c\u6280\u5e08\u5f80\u5f80\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4f53\u529b\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\uff0c\u5730\u4f4d\u4f4e\u4e0b\u3002\u4f46\u968f\u7740\u79d1\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u51f8\u663e\uff0c\u4e00\u6279\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u5de5\u5320\u201d\uff08philosophical engineers\uff09\u5f00\u59cb\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u65e2\u61c2\u7406\u8bba\u53c8\u61c2\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u5982\u84b8\u6c7d\u673a\u7684\u6539\u8fdb\u8005\u74e6\u7279\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0e\u683c\u62c9\u65af\u54e5\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u4eea\u5668\u5236\u9020\u5546\u4ea4\u6d41\uff0c\u624d\u5c06\u7406\u8bba\u77e5\u8bc6\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u5de5\u7a0b\u6539\u8fdb\u3002\u83ab\u57fa\u5c14\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5bf9\u7cbe\u786e\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u4e5f\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u6587\u5316\u89c4\u8303\u3002\u4ece\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u5230\u60e0\u66f4\u65af\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u4eea\u5668\u5236\u9020\u5546\u5bf9\u7cbe\u786e\u65f6\u8ba1\u3001\u671b\u8fdc\u955c\u3001\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u7b49\u79d1\u5b66\u4eea\u5668\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u8ffd\u6c42\uff0c\u57f9\u517b\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u6d4b\u91cf\u3001\u6821\u51c6\u548c\u7cbe\u786e\u6027\u7684\u6587\u5316\u504f\u597d\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u504f\u597d\u6700\u7ec8\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u5de5\u4e1a\u751f\u4ea7\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u7cbe\u5bc6\u8f66\u5e8a\u7684\u8bde\u751f\uff0c\u4e3a\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u7684\u6269\u6563\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u7f3a\u5931\u7684\u6761\u4ef6<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u589e\u957f\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u53cd\u601d\u548c\u5546\u69b7<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u4e54\u5c14\u00b7\u83ab\u57fa\u5c14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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